「新しい知」のあり方を模索し続けた哲学者が、彼方に見ていたものは何か。豊饒な思想世界を読み解く。.

Lucid and comprehensive essay surveys the views of Plato, Aristotle, Leibniz and Kant on the nature of mathematics; examines the propositions and theories of the schools these philosophers inspired; and concludes with a discussion on the relation between mathematical theories, empirical data and philosophical presuppositions.

Ko, K., On the computational complexity of integral equations, Annals of Pure and Applied Logic 58 201–228. The computational complexity of Volterra integral equations of the second kind and of the first kind is investigated. It is proved that if the kernel functions satisfy the Lipschitz condition, then the solutions of Volterra equations of the second kind are polynomial-space computable. If, one the other hand, the kernel functions only satisfy the local Lipschitz condition with the Lipschitz constants growing in an (...) exponential rate, then the solutions could be exponential-time hard. We identify a class of Volterra equations of the first kind that can be converted to Volterra equations of the second kind satisfying the local Lipschitz condition. The complexity of the solutions of these equations is also proved to be exponential-time hard. (shrink)

A new field of gene expression regulation research is emerging that has previously been overlooked. This new area is concerned with distinguishing the expression of a single gene from the averaged expression of many gene copies within the cell population. This paper reviews research focused on individual genes in inducible gene expression systems. The main experimental strategy is to measure the gene expression level of a single cell containing a single reporter gene molecule. In contrast to the commonly held belief, (...) gene induction is found to be stochastic under certain conditions. The possible mechanisms and implications are discussed. (shrink)

The metaphysics of a social reality assumes definition ontology various plans of its realization as sorts of attitude to kinds. The last ones represent phenomena of a social reality - as classical and nonclassical. The economy, morals, religion, the right concern to classical kinds of a social reality. Attributes of a sociality of the given kinds: activity, attitudes, forms of social consciousness. A nonclassical kinds given attributes yet "do not possess" to the full. Their metaphysics is defined through parity with (...) classical kinds of society. The structure of a social reality is mobile that is why "updating" of the list of classical kinds of a social reality is not soproblematic that is why the urgency of an explication ontology and metaphysics of a sort of a reality social and numerous kinds is undoubtedly rather productive and duly. (shrink)

いま、健康幻想が一人歩きしている。喫煙は他者への迷惑、終末期医療の安楽死・尊厳死は合法化されるべきであり、脳死・臓器移植は促進される必要がある、という世間の常識の背後でいったい何が起きているのか。『健 康幻想の社会学』の続編として編まれ、治療国家の内実をさまざまなケーススタディをとおして解明した医療社会学の新領域。.

Healthcare robots enable practices that seemed far-fetched in the past. Robots might be the solution to bridge the loneliness that the elderly often experience; they may help wheelchair users walk again, or may help navigate the blind. European Institutions, however, acknowledge that human contact is an essential aspect of personal care and that the insertion of robots could dehumanize caring practices. Such instances of human–robot interactions raise the question to what extent the use and development of robots for healthcare applications (...) can challenge the dignity of users. In this article, therefore, we explore how different robot applications in the healthcare domain support individuals in achieving ‘dignity’ or pressure it. We argue that since healthcare robot applications are novel, their associated risks and impacts may be unprecedented and unknown, thus triggering the need for a conceptual instrument that is binding and remains flexible at the same time. In this respect, as safety rules and data protection are often criticized to lack flexibility, and technology ethics to lack enforceability, we suggest human dignity as the overarching governance instrument for robotics, which is the inviolable value upon which all fundamental rights are grounded. (shrink)

Diese authentische Beschreibung des Weges der nachhegelschen deutschen Philosophie im zweiten Drittel des 19. Jahrhunderts aus der Feder eines ihrer hervorragendsten Vertreter halt an Namen, Daten und Werken beschreibend und gliedernd beieinander, was sonst erst muhsam zusammengesucht werden musste. Erdmann, der Hegelianer, nimmt sich dabei vor allem auch der Denker an, die in Opposition zu Hegel und uberhaupt ausserhalb des zeitgenossischen philosophischen Interesses standen. Erdmanns Darstellung ist uberdies ein Beispiel dafur, wie sich Hegels Auffassung der Philosophiehistorie bei seinen Nachfolgern verwandelt (...) hat. (shrink)

This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections (...) in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book. (shrink)

ナショナリズムと親和的関係にある日本通史への欲望を拒否するために、山崎闇斎学派や武士道の語りにおけるナショナルな視線を相対化し、他者性を帯びた「江戸」の自国意識や対中国認識に注目することで、歴史の断面 を記述することの可能性を探る。.

The monograph offers an in-depth, source-oriented presentation and analysis of the complex discussions that took place between ca. 1230 and 1350 on the differentiation and expansion of the structural concept of scientific knowledge and certainty in lifeworld-contingent areas of investigation. It makes transparent a development in the course of which a graduated, multidimensional conception of knowledge and certainty emerges. In the process, the masters gain pioneering insights into the philosophy of science. Starting from the key data provided by Aristotle, the (...) scholastic scholars' productive, far-reaching further thinking leads to a deeper understanding of the nature and reliability of scientifically acquired knowledge. These intellectual endeavours were significantly challenged by the increasing knowledge of the spectrum of the transmitted Aristotelian and Arabic sciences. They also received significant impulses from epistemological reflection in theology. (shrink)

皮膚は自己と環境との境界である。家は公と私を隔て、国境は国を隔てる。これら境界は本当は一体何を隔て、われわれに何を強いているのか。境界を越えるという経験はいかなる意味をもちうるのか。境界を越えて、われ われはいかに他者と出会い、世界とつながることができるのか―。幾層もの境界を徹底的に問い直し、内/外を無効化する流動的でダイナミックな存在のあり方を提示する。身体・自己・世界の関係を考察してきた著者が、 流体の存在論なる新境地に挑む。.